CHAPTER 18 BIO PLANT EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY Kingdom Plantae Four major groups of plants arose from algae Each group results from key plant adaptations over time (1) vascularity, (2) seeds. (3) flowers. Each allowed plants to better overcome challenges associated with life on land. Charophytes are a modern-day lineage of green algae. Early plant ancestors are thought to resemble these species. Reproductive structures (such as those in flowers) contain spores and gametes Leaf performs photosynthesis Cuticle reduces water loss; stomata regulate gas exchange Shoot supports plant (and may perform photosynthesis) Whole alga performs photosynthesis; absorbs water, CO2, and minerals from the water Surrounding water supports the alga Roots anchor plant; absorb water and minerals from the soil (aided by fungi) * Vascular plants contain specialized conducting cells called vessels that transport water and nutrients from roots throughout the plant. * Vessels contain a stiffening substance called lignin Extra support allows the plants to grow tall. Gametangia – Structures where internal fertilization takes place, and that provide protection, nourishment and resistance to dehydration to the developing plant embryo. Bryophytes are “simple” plants Learning Objectives
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