| The National Flag consists of 2 equal horizontal sections, red above white. In the upper left canton is a white crescent moon beside 5 white stars arranged in a circle. The red colour symbolises universal brotherhood and equality of man. The white colour signifies pervading and everlasting purity and virtue. The crescent moon represents a young nation on the ascendant, and the 5 stars stand for the nation’s ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice and equality. The Flag of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is rectangular in shape and consists of five alternating horizontal stripes, three red and two white, with an isosceles triangle with a five-pointed white star in the center based on the hoist side. The three red stripes represent the blood that nourishes the three branches of government, the two white stripes represent individual liberty and the rights of man which maintain the balance among the three branches of government. The white star represents the Commonwealth, the blue triangle represents the sky and the ocean, and the three sides of the triangle represent the three branches of the Commonwealth's republican form of government. The flag's design is based on the Cuban flag with the red and blue colors inverted. The shade of blue used for the triangle depends on who is asked. One may see flags with the dark blue, such as the flag displayed, a sky blue ("azul celeste") or royal blue triangle. There is no "official" shade of blue. Show There are three versions of the origin of the Flag of Puerto Rico. It appears to be undisputed that the flag was presented on December 22, 1895 at Chimney Hall in New York by Juan de Mata Terreforte, a veteran of the "Grito de Lares," to a group of 59 Puerto Rican exiles who comprised the Puerto Rican section of the Cuban Revolutionary Party. Nevertheless, the identity of the person who proposed that the new Flag of Puerto Rico be similar to the Cuban flag with inverted colors is open to question. It is said, however, that the true shade of blue of the flag's triangle is dark (Navy) blue. Red, white and dark blue are characteristic of the republican national colors (flags) in Europe during the 19th century, influenced by the tri-color of the First French Republic. The tri-color was in turn influenced by the colors of the newly established Republic of the United States. The Cuban flag was designed in New York by General Narciso López for his failed invasion of Cuba in 1851, the purpose of which was to annex Cuba to the United States. The blue on that flag was a dark shade. This first Cuban flag with the dark blue stripes was adopted by the Constitutional Assembly which proclaimed the Armed Republic of Cuba in Camagüey in 1869. José Martí used the same flag as the flag of the Cuban Revolutionary Party in 1892. Eventually, that flag was designated as the official flag of Cuba in 1903. The blue in all those Cuban flags was Navy blue, so it stands to reason that when the flag of Puerto Rico was adopted in 1895 (with the colors of the Cuban flag inverted) the triangle's shade of blue was dark (Navy). Some suggest, based on correspondence between Terreforte and Domingo Collazo, a member of the Club Borínquen, affiliated with the Cuban Revolutionary Party, that the idea of inverting the colors of the Cuban flag for the Flag of Puerto Rico came from Francisco Gonzalo ("Pachín") Marín. Others claim that the idea came to Antonio Vélez-Alvarado, who wrote that "the colors appeared inverted before my eyes . . . on June 11, 1890 or 1891," and that it "immediately it occurred to me that with those colors of the Cuban flag, inverted as I had seen them, the Flag of Puerto Rico could be fashioned." Still another version is that Manuel Besosa, one of the directors of the Puerto Rican section of the Cuban Revolutionary Party, was the person who proposed that the Flag of Puerto Rico be modeled after the Cuban flag, with colors inverted, when Terreforte’s proposal that the Flag of Betances (Grito de Lares Flag) be adopted as the Flag of Puerto Rico was defeated by vote of the members of the Directorate of the Puerto Rican section. The members of the Directorate then requested that Besosa create an inverted colors flag to be presented to the members of the Puerto Rican section. He in turn asked his daughter, María Manuela ("Mima") Besosa, to sew the flag. It was this small (8-inch by 5-inch) flag that Terreforte presented at Chimney Hall on December 22, 1895 and there adopted unanimously by the Puerto Rican exiles as the Flag of Puerto Rico. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 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By Whitney Smith Edit History Table of ContentsThe American Colonization Society was established in 1816 by Abolitionists who felt that freed slaves should be helped in returning to Africa. Land was purchased from local tribes on the West African coast, and the colony founded there came to be known as Liberia, from the Latin word liber (“free”). The gradual expansion of the territory and population of Liberia led to its acquisition of a distinctive flag on April 9, 1827. The U.S. flag was the basis for the design, which had 13 equal horizontal red and white stripes and a blue canton bearing a single white cross. Another colony was established nearby by the Maryland Colonization Society and was known as Maryland. It had a similar flag, with stripes of yellow and white that recalled colours in the coat of arms of the U.S. state of Maryland. In both flags the cross expressed the Christian sentiments of those who ran the colonization societies. Local freedmen proclaimed the independence of Liberia on July 26, 1847. A national flag was needed, and a committee of women was made responsible for its design. They substituted a star for the cross, symbolizing Liberia’s status as the only independent Western-style state in Africa. The number of stripes was reduced to 11, indicating the number of men who signed the Liberian Declaration of Independence. The flag was first raised on August 24, 1847, now known as Flag Day, and it was retained after the annexation of Maryland in 1857. Despite its similarity to the U.S. flag, no change has been made in the Liberian flag in the subsequent century and a half, although several people have made suggestions for designs more in keeping with those of other African countries. |
Red and white flag with 1 star
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