water Plain old water | 40% - 60% |
propanediol Acts as a solvent for other ingredients. Speeds up the absorption of other ingredients into the skin | 4.1% - 6.2% |
glycerin One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant | 3.1% - 4.7% |
alcohol denat. Produces temporary toning effect. Can help dissolve other ingredients or preserve products | 2.6% - 3.9% |
1,2-hexanediol A preservative | 1% - 1.6% |
trehalose A sugar that attracts water to the upper layer of the skin | 1.6% - 2.5% |
niacinamide Is proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture. The concentration of about 2% is effective for supporting the skin barrier and evening out the skin tone. Concentration of 4-6% is better for helping with acne and balancing the sebum production | 1.4% - 2.1% |
betaine Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and improves the product texture | 1.2% - 1.8% |
saccharide isomerate Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin | 0.95% - 1.45% |
camellia sinensis seed oil A plant oil that helps to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help restore the skin barrier. Might have some anti-oxidant effect | 0.55% - 1.3% |
cetearyl olivate Helps oil and water mix together | 0.4% - 0.95% |
hydrogenated lecithin Helps to retain moisture by creating a protective barrier on the skin. Rich in fatty acids. Improves product texture and helps with the penetration of other ingredients. | 0.35% - 0.75% |
sorbitan olivate Helps oil and water mix together | 0.15% - 0.65% |
acrylates/c10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer Maintains the texture of skincare products. Allows the product to spread evenly. Helps oil and water mix together | 0.15% - 0.6% |
lactobacillus ferment lysate A "broth" with parts of dead cells of lactobacteria. Might be helpful supporting diverse microbiome in skin, but evidence is lacking | 0.15% - 0.55% |
butylene glycol Used to create a nice product texture and help delivery of other ingredients. Might be somewhat helpful in attracting water to the upper layer of the skin | 0.15% - 0.55% |
squalane An oil naturally present in skin. Works as an emollient to soften the skin and form a protective layer on its surface without a greasy feeling. | 0.2% - 0.7% |
panthenol Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin and can help improve skin barrier function | 0.15% - 0.6% |
allantoin Helps calm down inflammation in skin and can help reduce itching. Helps to repair the skin barrier and keep skin hydrated | 0.15% - 0.55% |
hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer A gelling agent that thickens the product consistency and leaves the skin with a velvety finish | 0.15% - 0.55% |
tromethamine Helps adjust pH in products | 0.1% - 0.5% |
ceratonia siliqua gum Used to stabilize product formulations and create thicker consistency | 0.15% - 0.6% |
ethylhexylglycerin A preservative | 0.1% - 0.4% |
disodium edta Stabilizes the product formulation | 0.1% - 0.4% |
parfum An aromatic blend of unspecified and possibly irritating ingredients | 0.1% - 0.35% |
dipotassium glycyrrhizate A salt derived from licorice. Works as an emollient to soften the upper layer of the skin and can help calm down inflammation. Might be helpful for skin lightening | 0.1% - 0.4% |
camellia sinensis leaf extract Can contain potent anti-oxidant compounds (abbreviated ECG, GCG, EGC, and EGCG) that might help protect the skin from free radicals. Can help calm down inflammation and has some anti-bacterial properties. Unfortunately, these antioxidants are unstable and lose their effectiveness very quickly in products. The concentration of the antioxidant compounds in the extract also tends to be low to be effective in topical formulation | 0.1% - 0.45% |
sodium hyaluronate One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin | 0.1% - 0.4% |
hyaluronic acid One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin. Naturally present in skin. Typically has large molecule size unless advertised otherwise on the product label. Helps support skin's barrier function and may help to reduce inflammation | 0.1% - 0.4% |
dextrin A sugar that is used to stabilize the product formulation. Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin | 0.1% - 0.45% |
theobroma cacao extract | 0.1% - 0.35% |
3-o-ethyl ascorbic acid A vitamin C derivative that is more stable but less potent than pure form of vitamin C. Can help neutralize free radicals and help reduce hyperpigmentation, but the required concentration is likely to be much higher than for the pure form of vitamin C, limiting the ingredient's effectiveness in products | 0.1% - 0.4% |
sorbitan isostearate Helps oil and water mix together | 0.1% - 0.45% |
sodium citrate Helps to control the skin's pH level. Maintains the skin's natural film of amino-lactic acids and oils. Helps to preserve products | 0.1% - 0.35% |
citric acid Can work as an exfoliant but is typically used to adjust the product pH | 0.1% - 0.4% |
linalool A fragrance. Can be irritating | 0.1% - 0.3% |
limonene A common frangrance that can easily irritate skin, especially if exposed to air, light or heat | 0.1% - 0.3% |
poloxamer 235 | 0.1% - 0.4% |
sucrose Can help attract water to the upper layer of the skin. In crystal form, it can work as a gentle exfoliant, gentler than the salt scrub. Helps stabilize the emulsion | 0.05% - 0.3% |
lactic acid An exfoliating and moisturizing alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). Typically causes less irritation than other AHAs, for example, glycolic acid. At high concentrations (about 15%), lactic acid can help reduce lines and wrinkles. Recent studies show that lactic acid can support the "good" bacteria living on skin's surface (healthy skin microbiome) | 0.1% - 0.35% |
epigallocatechin gallate A polyphenol found in tea. This particular compound abbreviated EGCG is the most powerful antioxidant among those extracted from tea (usually green tea). Unfortunately, EGCG is unstable, requires a low pH (below 4) to prevent quick degradation, and does not penetrate the skin very well. This is why the full anti-oxidant effect of EGCG is typically not realized when it is added to topical skincare | 0.1% - 0.35% |
ethoxydiglycol Helps to improve the product consistency | 0.05% - 0.25% |
tocophersolan | 0.1% - 0.3% |
poloxamer 338 | 0.1% - 0.3% |
hydrolyzed hyaluronic acid One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin. A version of it is naturally present in skin | 0.05% - 0.3% |
sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin | 0.05% - 0.25% |
caprylyl glycol Helps preserve products and creates a nice product texture | 0.05% - 0.25% |
sodium acetylated hyaluronate A type of hyaluronic acid that works as an excellent moisturizer by attracting water into the upper layer of the skin. Is typically feels less sticky on the skin compared to the usual hyaluronic acid | 0.05% - 0.15% |
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